Automatic Detection of Lung Ultrasound Artifacts using a Deep Neural Networks approach

The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged many of the healthcare systems around the world. Many patients who have been hospitalized due to this disease develop lung damage. In low and middle-income countries, people living in rural and remote areas have very limited access to adequate health care. Ultrasound is a safe, portable and accessible alternative;however, it has limitations such as being operator-dependent and requiring a trained professional. The use of lung ultrasound volume sweep imaging is a potential solution for this lack of physicians. In order to support this protocol, image processing together with machine learning is a potential methodology for an automatic lung damage screening system. In this paper we present an automatic detection of lung ultrasound artifacts using a Deep Neural Network, identifying clinical relevant artifacts such as pleural and A-lines contained in the ultrasound examination taken as part of the clinical screening in patients with suspected lung damage. The model achieved encouraging preliminary results such as sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 81%, and accuracy of 89% to identify the presence of A-lines. Finally, the present study could result in an alternative solution for an operator-independent lung damage screening in rural areas, leading to the integration of AI-based technology as a complementary tool for healthcare professionals. © 2023 SPIE.

An Empirical Study of Pre-Trained CNN Models on COVID-19 CT Scan Images

As COVID-19 is highly infectious, the prevention of this disease is mandatory. The instant diagnosis of this disease is obligatory to stop the infection. The most commonly used procedure for COVID-19 detection is the RT-PCR test. But this process is very time-consuming and as a result, it allows the covid infected persons to spread the infection before they come to know the test result. So, in this paper, we used the method of detecting COVID-19 from CT scan images as a replacement for the conventional RT-PCR test. But this alternative method has its demerit too. To diagnose COVID-19 from these CT scan images, the analysis of a radiologist expert is required. So, we have used a deep-learning based method for automatic detection of covid infection from the CT scan images. We have used six pre-trained models: ResNet50, Xception, DenseNet121, DenseNet201, MobileNet, MobileNetV2 and their accuracy are 97.38%, 92.35%, 95.56%, 93.55%, 93.95%, and 92.94% respectively. © 2022 IEEE.

An Intelligent Classification Diagnosis Based on Blood Oxygen Saturation Signals for Medical Data Security Including COVID-19 in Industry 5.0

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is gradually valued due to its high prevalence, high risk, and high mortality. Alternative to the polysomnography (PSG) diagnosis, the proposed method assesses the subject's degree of illness considering the supply chain and Industry 5.0 requirement efficiently and accurately. This article uses the blood oxygen saturation (SpO(2)) signal count of the number of apnea or hypoventilation events during the sleep of the subject, calculating the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and the subject's disease level. SpO(2) signals are used to extract 35-D features based on the time domain, including approximate entropy, central tendency measure, and Lempel-Ziv complexity to accelerate the diagnosis process in supply chains. The feature selection process is reduced from 35 to 7 dimensions that benefits to the implementation in the practical supply chains in Industry 5.0 by extracting the extracted features. This article applies Pearson correlation coefficient selection, based on minimum redundancy-maximum correlation algorithm selection, and a wrapper based on the backward search algorithm. The accuracy rate is 86.92%, and the specificity is 90.7% under the selected random forest classifier. A random forest classifier was used to calculate the AHI index, and a linear regression analysis was performed with the AHI index obtained from the PSG. The result reaches a 92% accuracy rate in assessing the prevalence of OSAHS, satisfying the industrial deployment.

Mathematical Morphology Adopted Automatic Detection of Ground Glass Opacities in Lung CT Images of COVID-19 Patients

The severity of the nCOVID infection relies on the presence of Ground Glass Opacities (GGO) present in the patient's chest CT scan images. Although, detecting and delineating the precise boundaries of GGO in the chest CT images is challenging. Here, we proposed a fast and novel technique to automatically segment the regions containing GGO in lung CT images using mathematical morphology. We have tested our algorithm on the chest CT images of 145 Covid-positive cases. This unique segmentation approach correctly segments the lung field from chest CT images and identifies GGO with average sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 96.89%, 95.23%, and 97.22%, respectively. We used expert radiologists' hand-curated segmentation of GGO as ground truth for quantificational performance analysis. Our research results indicate that this algorithm performs well found in the literature. © 2023 IEEE.

Utilizing CNN-LSTM techniques for the enhancement of medical systems

COVID-19 is one of the most chronic and serious infections of recent years due to its worldwide spread. Determining who was genuinely affected when the disease spreads more widely is challenging. More than 60% of affected individuals report having a dry cough. In many recent studies, diagnostic models were developed using coughing and other breathing sounds. With the development of technology, body sounds are now collected using digital techniques for respiratory and cardiovascular tests. Early research on identifying COVID-19 utilizing speech and diagnosing signs yielded encouraging findings. The gathering of extensive, multi-group, airborne acoustical sound data is used in the developed framework to conduct an efficient assessment to test for COVID-19. An effective classification model is created to assess COVID-19 utilizing deep learning methods. The MIT-Covid-19 dataset is used as the input, and the Weiner filter is used for pre-processing. Following feature extraction done by Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients, the classification is performed using the CNN-LSTM approach. The study compared the performance of the developed framework with other techniques such as CNN, GRU, and LSTM. Study results revealed that CNN-LSTM outperformed other existing approaches by 97.7%. © 2023 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University

NLP Text Classification for COVID-19 Automatic Detection from Radiology Report in Indonesian Language

Radiology is used as an important assessment for patients with pulmonary disease. The radiology images are usually accompanied by a written report from a radiologist to be passed to the other referring physicians. These radiology reports are written in a natural language where they can have different systematic structures based on the language used. In our study, the radiology reports were collected from an Indonesian hospital and written in Bahasa Indonesia. We performed an automatic text classification to differentiate the information written in the radiology reports into two classes, COVID-19 and non COVID-19. To find the best model, we evaluated several embedding techniques available for Bahasa and five Machine Learning (ML) models, namely (1) XGBoost, (2) fastText, (3) LSTM, (4) Bi-LSTM and (5) IndoBERT. The result shows that IndoBERT outperformed the others with an accuracy of 98%. In terms of training speed, the shallow neural network architecture implemented with the fastText library can train the model in under one second and still result in a reasonably good accuracy of 86%. © 2022 IEEE.

Automatic Detection of COVID-19 Using Ensemble Transfer Learning Based on Lung CT Scans

In order to curb the rapid spread of COVID-19, early and accurate detection is required. Computer Tomography (CT) scans of the lungs can be utilized for accurate COVID-19 detection because these medical images highlight COVID-19 infection with high sensitivity. Transfer learning was implemented on six state-of-the-art Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). From these six CNNs, the three with the highest accuracies (based on empirical experiments) were selected and used as base learners to produce hard voting and soft voting ensemble classifiers. These three CNNs were identified as Vgg16, EfficientNetB0 and EfficientNetB5. This study concludes that the soft voting ensemble classifier, with base learners Vgg16 and EfficientNetB5, outperformed all other ensemble classifiers with different base learners and individual models that were investigated. The proposed classifier achieved a new state-of-the-art accuracy on the SARS-CoV-2 dataset. The accuracy obtained from this framework was 98.13%, the recall was 98.94%, the precision was 97.40%, the specificity was 97.30% and the F1 score was 98.16%. © 2023, ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering.

Automatic detection of Covid-19 based on lung CT images using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)

In recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic has spread all over the world. Due to its rapid transmission, techniques that automatically detect COVID-19 infections and distinguish it from other forms of pneumonia are crucial. The scientific community has embarked on finding solutions to quick detection of COVID-19 through implementation of deep learning(DL) techniques that can diagnose COVID-19 using computed tomography (CT) lung scans. The use of CT images has been widely accepted in medical imaging and it is a pertinent screening tool due to its higher sensitivity in recognizing early pneumonic changes. Also, most developed DL models developed have been end-to-end from feature extraction to categorization of the COVID19 infected images. The proposed model results showed high accuracy rates on both training and testing of the model in COVID-19 classification. A customised ResNet-50 architecture has the best results in classifying the images and achieved state of art accuracy of 97% on training and testing using the COVID dataset with 200 epochs. This work presented a computationally efficient and highly accurate model for multi-class classification of normal and infected individuals. The model can help in effective early screening of COVID-19 cases hence reducing the burden on healthcare systems. © 2022 IEEE.

CoviFake: A Framework to Detect and Analyze Fake COVID19 Tweets

Along with the unprecedented impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human lives, a new crisis of fake and false information related to disease has also emerged. Primarily, social media platforms such as Twitter are used to disseminate fake information due to ease of access and their large audience. However, automatic detection and classification of fake tweets is challenging task due to the complexity and lack of contextual features of short text. This paper proposes a novel CoviFake framework to classify and analyze fake tweets related to COVID-19 using vocabulary and non-vocabulary features. For this purpose, first, we combine and enhance 'CTF' and 'COVID19 Rumor' datasets to build our COVID19-sham dataset containing 25,388 labelled tweets. Next, we extract the vocabulary and 12 non-vocabulary features to compare the performance of six state-of-the-art machine learning classifiers. Our results highlight that the Random Forest (RF) classifier achieves the highest accuracy of 94.53% with the combination of top 2,000 vocabulary and 12 non-vocabulary features. In addition, we developed a large-scale dataset of CoviTweets containing 7.88 million English tweets posted by 3.8 million users during two months (March-April, 2020). The analysis of CoviTweets leveraging our framework reveals that the dataset contains 1.64 million (20.87%) fake tweets. Furthermore, we perform an in-depth examination by assigning a 'fakeness score' to hashtags and users in CoviTweets. © 2022 IEEE.

Diagnosis of Covid-19 from Chest X-Ray Images Using Wavelet-Based Depth Wise Convolution Network

There is a great need to create and put in place a method of automatic detection as a substitute for conventional diagnosis for COVID-19 detection that can be employed on a commercialscale because there aren't as many COVID-19 test kits availablein medical institutions. In particular, chest X-Ray scans can beexamined to assess whether a patient has COVID. Due to the availability of numerous big annotated picture datasets, convolutional neural networks have achieved remarkable success in image analysis and classification. Input is obtained in the form of chest x-rays images. Output results are acquired instantly in real-time which predicts if the person suffers from Covid or not. Modern technique use the RCNN algorithm, which makes them less precise and time-consuming. We suggest an automated deep learning-base method for extracting COVID-19 from chest X-ray pictures. For analysing the chest X-Ray pictures, suggested method offers enhanced depth-wise convolution neural network. Through wavelet decomposition, multiresolution analysis is incorporatedinto the network. In order to identify the condition, the network is given the frequency sub-bands that were recovered from the input pictures. The network's goal is to determine whether the input image belongs to the Covid-19 class or not. The Advantage of the proposed system are that it could be the very first-of its kind, cost-efficient, and highly accurate application that provide complete and accurate covid - 19 diagnosis. © 2022 IEEE.

FADCOVNET: Fast Automatic Detection Covid-19 Based on Inception-Resnet-V2 Model

Covid-19 is still a threat to human health. Initial handling in detecting the status of positive COVID-19 patients or not through the IT sector is still very much needed to help the government control the covid-19 outbreak. This study offers a new framework of deep learning classification to help radiologists work in auto-detecting cases of COVID-19 by processing patient X-Ray chest (we call it FADCOVNET). By combining pre-processing techniques with a modified Inception Resnet V2 trained network on the Fully Connected layer and by adding pre-processing data. To control overfitting, the data augmentation method is used. The FADCOVNET model will be compared with the transfer learning model (Resnet50, Inception V3, Inception-Resnet-V3).The dataset used in this study is chest X-ray data for COVID cases as many as 4369 total data. In addition, this study also tested the performance of FADCOVNET on the Covid and healthy chest CT-Scan dataset of 8467 total data. The test results show that the performance of FADCOVNET on the accuracy, sensitivity, specification, precision, and F1-Score are 97%, 98%, 97%, 95%, and 96%, respectively. The results obtained outperform other transfer models. while the accuracy obtained from testing with the CT Scan dataset is 97%. This proves that the FADCOVNET model that we have built can ensure the generalizability of the model very well. From this test, it can be concluded that the proposed CNN architecture works very well in detecting COVID-19. © 2022 IEEE.

A high-throughput fully automatic biosensing platform for efficient COVID-19 detection.

We propose a label-free biosensor based on a porous silicon resonant microcavity and localized surface plasmon resonance. The biosensor detects SARS-CoV-2 antigen based on engineered trimeric angiotensin converting enzyme-2 binding protein, which is conserved across different variants. Robotic arms run the detection process including sample loading, incubation, sensor surface rinsing, and optical measurements using a portable spectrometer. Both the biosensor and the optical measurement system are readily scalable to accommodate testing a wide range of sample numbers. The limit of detection is 100 TCID50/ml. The detection time is 5 min, and the throughput of one single robotic site is up to 384 specimens in 30 min. The measurement interface requires little training, has standard operation, and therefore is suitable for widespread use in rapid and onsite COVID-19 screening or surveillance.

COVID-19 Infection Forecasting using LSTM-based Model

COVID-19 has now become one of the most severe and acute diseases worldwide. Novel Coronavirus transmission is characterized by its high speed and large social population base, making novel Coronavirus detection very difficult. Therefore, automatic detection systems should be implemented as an option for rapid diagnosis. Automated disease detection frameworks help physicians diagnose diseases with accurate, consistent, and rapid results, and reduce ethics. In this paper, we propose a deep learning method based on long-term Memory (LSTM) for automatic diagnosis of COVID-19 in combination with the existing prediction model SEIR. © 2022 SPIE.

Deep COVID-19 Face Mask Detection in Public Using Transfer Learning

Ahstract- The face mask is necessary for crowded places to control the pernicious effect of Corona Virus (COVID-19). The government officials of various countries have mandated the usage of face masks in public places. However, inspecting unmasked people in crowded areas is very tough. To solve this issue, the research demonstrates the automatic detection of masked faces from the images using transfer learning. In the proposed works, the pre-trained models ResNet34 and ResNet50 have been used on the MAFA data set to analyze the accuracy of face mask detection. Experimental testing evaluated 91.74% accuracy for ResNet34 whereas ResNet50 outperformed and achieved 92.3% accuracy. However, the training loss is found to be minimum in Resnet50 as compared to Resnet34. © 2022 IEEE.

Custom Weighted Balanced Loss function for Covid 19 Detection from an Imbalanced CXR Dataset

In this paper, we have proposed a novel framework, that is ResNet-18 model along with Custom Weighted Balanced loss function, in order to automatically detect Covid-19 disease from a highly imbalanced Chest X-Ray (CXR) dataset. Covid 19 disease has become a global pandemic, for last two years. Early automatic detection of Covid-19, from CXR images has been the key to survive from this pandemic. In the recent advent, researchers have already proposed several Deep Learning (DL) models, which can detect Covid-19 disease (with higher accuracy) from CXR images. However, Covid-19 detection by DL models are fraught with the problem of class imbalance, since most of the available CXR datasets are found highly imbalanced. In this paper, we have worked in a new direction, that is, alleviating the class imbalance problem from CXR dataset by using novel loss function. First, we choose a challengeable CXR dataset in which there are four classes, they are Covid, Normal, Lung Opacity (LO) and Viral Pneumonia (VP). Later we have identified that real problem of this dataset is not only the class imbalance, but also, huge intra-class variance is observed in Covid class. Therefore, we have come up with a new idea, that is, modifying the bias weights in a Weighted Categorical Cross Entropy (WCCE), based on reducing both of the factors, i.e., class imbalance and intra-class variance from the dataset. For the experimentation, we have chosen a ResNet-18 model which is trained from scratch for a large Chexpert CXR dataset and thereafter it is pre-trained on the Covid CXR dataset. Experimental results suggest that ResNet-18 model along with proposed Custom Weighted Balanced loss function, have improved 2-4% accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score and AUC for four class CXR dataset. Furthermore, we have tested the same framework for three class Covid CXR dataset, after excluding LO class. We have achieved 96% accuracy, 97% precision, 96% recall, 97% F1 score and 97% AUC for three class classification task. This is significant (3-4%) improvement than the performance of ResNet-18 model with CCE. © 2022 IEEE.

Automatic detection of covid-19 using CNN model combined with Firefly algorithm

Coronavirus has already been spread around the world, in many countries, and it has already claimed many lives. Further, the World Health Organization (WHO) has notified public health officials that COVID-19 has reached global epidemic status. Therefore, an early diagnosis using a chest CT scan can aid medical specialists in critical situations. This study aims to develop a web-based service for detecting COVID-19 online. To achieve our goal, we merged the convolutional neural network (CNN) model with the Firefly algorithm (FA). This combination ameliorate definitely the performance and efficiency of the CNN proposed model. Furthermore, the experiments revealed that the proposed FACNN framework enables us to reach high performance with regard to precision, accuracy, sensitivity, F-measure, recall and specificity (1.0%, 1.0%, 1.0%, 1.0%, 1.0% and 1.0%). In addition, a web-based interface was developed to identify and recogonize COVID-19 in chest radiographs in just few seconds. We anticipate that this web predictor will potentially save precious lives, and therefore contribute to society positively. © 2022 IEEE.

COVID-19 Detection Exploiting Self-Supervised Learning Representations of Respiratory Sounds

In this work, we focus on the automatic detection of COVID-19 patients from the analysis of cough, breath, and speech samples. Our goal is to investigate the suitability of Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) representations extracted using Wav2Vec 2.0 for the task at hand. For this, in addition to the SSL representations, the models trained exploit the Low-Level Descriptors (LLD) of the eGeMAPS feature set, and Mel-spectrogram coefficients. The extracted representations are analysed using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) reinforced with contextual attention. Our experiments are performed using the data released as part of the Second Diagnosing COVID-19 using Acoustics (DiCOVA) Challenge, and we use the Area Under the Curve (AUC) as the evaluation metric. When using the CNNs without contextual attention, the multi-type model exploiting the SSL Wav2Vec 2.0 representations from the cough, breath, and speech sounds scores the highest AUC, 80.37 %. When reinforcing the embedded representations learnt with contextual attention, the AUC obtained using this same model slightly decreases to 80.01 %. The best performance on the test set is obtained with a multi-type model fusing the embedded representations extracted from the LLDs of the cough, breath, and speech samples and reinforced using contextual attention, scoring an AUC of 81.27 %. © 2022 IEEE.

Hierarchical Multi-modal Transformer for Automatic Detection of COVID-19

Automated COVID-19 detection based on analysis of cough recordings has been an important field of study, as efficient and accurate methods are necessary to contain the spread of the global pandemic and relieve the burden on medical facilities. While previous works presented lightweight machine learning models [9], these models may sacrifice accuracy and interpretability to integrate into mobile devices. Besides, the question of how to effectively associate indicators from audio signals to other modality inputs (i.e. patient information) is still largely unexplored, as previous works predominantly relied on simply concatenated features to learn. To tackle these issues, this paper proposes a novel Hierarchical Multi-modal Transformer (HMT) that learns more informative multi-modal representations with a cross attention module during the feature fusion procedure. Besides, the block aggregation algorithm for the HMT provides an efficient and improved solution from the Vanilla Vision Transformer for limited COVID-19 benchmark datasets. Extensive experiments show the effectiveness of our proposed model for more accurate COVID-19 detection, which yield state-of-the-art results on two public datasets, Coswara and COUGHVID. © 2022 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).

Image Recognition on CT Image for COVID-19 Detection

Image recognition has always been a popular question in computer vision, with numerous works proposed. With the prevailing pandemic of COVID since 2019, there is an increasing demand for detecting COVID from CT images. In this paper, we aim to implement several prevailing image recognition models on CT images and compare their performance. The methods used include the AlexNet, the VGG net, and the SENet. Experiments on the open source COVID x CT dataset show that SENet model has the best performance, obtaining a precision of 85.07%. We validate our method through numerous experiments. We hope our method can achieve the automatic detection for COVID-19 pandemic. © 2022 SPIE. All rights reserved.

Automated Lung-Related Pneumonia and COVID-19 Detection Based on Novel Feature Extraction Framework and Vision Transformer Approaches Using Chest X-ray Images.

According to research, classifiers and detectors are less accurate when images are blurry, have low contrast, or have other flaws which raise questions about the machine learning model's ability to recognize items effectively. The chest X-ray image has proven to be the preferred image modality for medical imaging as it contains more information about a patient. Its interpretation is quite difficult, nevertheless. The goal of this research is to construct a reliable deep-learning model capable of producing high classification accuracy on chest x-ray images for lung diseases. To enable a thorough study of the chest X-ray image, the suggested framework first derived richer features using an ensemble technique, then a global second-order pooling is applied to further derive higher global features of the images. Furthermore, the images are then separated into patches and position embedding before analyzing the patches individually via a vision transformer approach. The proposed model yielded 96.01% sensitivity, 96.20% precision, and 98.00% accuracy for the COVID-19 Radiography Dataset while achieving 97.84% accuracy, 96.76% sensitivity and 96.80% precision, for the Covid-ChestX-ray-15k dataset. The experimental findings reveal that the presented models outperform traditional deep learning models and other state-of-the-art approaches provided in the literature.